As Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) factors become central to how businesses are perceived, more companies are voluntarily disclosing ESG information to meet investor, customer, and regulatory demands. Though ESG disclosures are not yet a mandatory part of most financial audits, businesses are increasingly seeking assurance services from CPAs to verify the accuracy and reliability of these reports.

In this new era, CPAs have a vital role to play—not just in financial auditing, but in providing ESG assurance that boosts credibility and trust with stakeholders. This article explores how CPAs can provide value in the growing field of ESG assurance, even though ESG-related matters remain separate from traditional financial statement audits.

What Is ESG Assurance?

While financial audits assess the accuracy of a company’s financial records, ESG assurance evaluates the reliability of a company’s environmental, social, and governance reporting. As businesses disclose more about their sustainability initiatives, carbon emissions, labor practices, and governance policies, they face increased scrutiny over the credibility of these claims.

ESG assurance involves reviewing the systems, processes, and data a company uses to produce its ESG reports. CPAs can offer limited or reasonable assurance on these reports, giving investors and stakeholders confidence that the information presented is accurate, reliable, and in line with industry standards.

Why ESG Assurance Matters

Unlike traditional financial reporting, ESG disclosures are often voluntary and lack a single, globally accepted standard. However, stakeholders are demanding more transparency in how companies manage non-financial risks, such as their environmental impact, diversity and inclusion efforts, and corporate governance practices.

Here’s why ESG assurance is becoming increasingly important:

  • Stakeholder Trust: Companies that seek third-party assurance for their ESG reports demonstrate a commitment to transparency and accountability, which can enhance their reputation with investors, regulators, and customers.
  • Regulatory Preparedness: As regulations surrounding ESG disclosures grow, companies that have already sought assurance on their ESG data will be better positioned to meet compliance requirements.
  • Risk Management: ESG risks, such as climate change or labor violations, can have material impacts on a company’s financial performance. By seeking assurance on these risks, companies can mitigate potential financial and reputational damage.

The Role of CPAs in ESG Assurance

While ESG is not yet part of the traditional audit process, CPAs are uniquely positioned to offer ESG assurance services. With their expertise in systems, controls, and risk assessment, CPAs can apply many of the same principles used in financial audits to evaluate the accuracy of ESG disclosures.

Here’s how CPAs can help companies enhance their ESG reporting:

Evaluating Data Collection Systems and Processes

Just as CPAs review a company’s financial reporting systems, they can evaluate the systems and processes used to collect ESG data. For example, companies might track greenhouse gas emissions, diversity metrics, or governance practices, but the reliability of this data depends on the underlying systems used to collect it.

CPAs can assess whether the data is gathered consistently and whether the company’s processes for collecting, verifying, and reporting ESG information are sound.

    • Key Consideration: Is the company using reliable and standardized methods to measure key ESG metrics? CPAs can help ensure that the systems used to track data, like carbon emissions or workforce diversity, are robust and produce accurate results.

Assessing Internal Controls Over ESG Data

Just like financial data, ESG data needs strong internal controls to ensure its reliability. CPAs can review a company’s internal control environment to assess whether there are safeguards in place to prevent misreporting or manipulation of ESG data. This includes verifying whether roles and responsibilities are clearly defined and whether there are adequate review and approval processes.

    • Key Consideration: Are there adequate checks and balances within the organization to prevent errors or fraud in ESG reporting? CPAs can recommend improvements to strengthen these internal controls.

Offering Limited or Reasonable Assurance

CPAs can offer different levels of assurance on ESG reports, depending on the needs of the company. Limited assurance provides a moderate level of confidence in the ESG data, usually through analytical procedures and inquiries. Reasonable assurance, on the other hand, provides a higher level of confidence and requires more detailed testing and review, similar to a financial audit.

  • Key Consideration: Companies may choose limited or reasonable assurance depending on the complexity of their ESG data and the expectations of their stakeholders. CPAs can help companies determine which level of assurance is appropriate for their needs.

Ensuring Alignment with ESG Standards

While there is no single global standard for ESG reporting, various frameworks exist, such as the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI), Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (SASB), and the Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures (TCFD). CPAs can help ensure that a company’s ESG disclosures align with one or more of these recognized frameworks, adding credibility to their reports.

  • Key Consideration: Are the company’s ESG disclosures aligned with an accepted reporting framework? CPAs can guide clients in selecting the appropriate framework for their industry and ensuring that their reporting is comprehensive and consistent.

Mitigating Risks with ESG Assurance

In a world where ESG-related risks can have significant financial implications, such as regulatory fines, reputational damage, or shareholder activism, assurance on these matters is critical. ESG assurance not only helps companies manage these risks but also signals to investors and stakeholders that the company is taking proactive steps to ensure the integrity of its ESG efforts.

  • Key Consideration: Are companies identifying and mitigating potential ESG risks, such as those related to climate change or governance failures? CPAs can help by ensuring these risks are being properly assessed and reported.

Challenges and Opportunities in ESG Assurance

While ESG assurance provides significant value, it also presents unique challenges for CPAs:

  • Data Gaps: Unlike financial data, which is well-documented and standardized, ESG data can be inconsistent or incomplete. CPAs may need to work with companies to improve data collection practices before assurance can be provided.
  • Lack of Standardization: With multiple ESG reporting frameworks in use, CPAs must navigate a complex landscape. Staying up to date with the latest ESG standards and best practices is essential.
  • Cultural and Regional Differences: Different regions and industries have varying expectations around ESG disclosures. For example, European companies are often subject to stricter ESG regulations than their American counterparts, creating varying assurance needs.

Despite these challenges, ESG assurance offers CPAs an exciting opportunity to expand their service offerings and support clients in navigating the growing demand for transparency and accountability in business practices.

Conclusion: The Future of ESG Assurance

As the demand for ESG transparency grows, so too does the need for reliable, independent assurance on non-financial disclosures. CPAs are in a unique position to offer this service, applying their expertise in financial auditing to the emerging field of ESG assurance. By helping companies verify the accuracy of their ESG data and align their reporting with recognized standards, CPAs can play a pivotal role in promoting ethical business practices and fostering stakeholder trust.

Although ESG assurance is not yet required in all jurisdictions, the trend is clear: as regulations evolve and stakeholder expectations rise, more businesses will seek out independent assurance to enhance the credibility of their ESG disclosures.